UNIT-I
Performance characteristics of Instruments: Static characteristics, Accuracy, Precision, Resolution, Sensitivity, static and dynamic calibration, Errors in Measurement, and their statistical analysis, dynamic characteristics-speed of Response, fidelity, Lag and dynamic error. DC ammeters, DC voltmeters-multirange, range extension/solid state and differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters –multirange, range extension. Thermocouple type RF ammeter,
ohm meters, series type, shunt type, multimeter for voltage, current and resistance measurements.
UNIT-II
Oscilloscopes: Standard specifications of CRO,CRT features, derivation of deflection sensitivity, vertical and horizontal amplifiers, horizontal and vertical deflection systems, sweep trigger pulse, delay line, sync selector circuits, probes for CRO – active, passive, and attenuator type, triggered sweep CRO, and Delayed sweep, dual trace/beam CRO, Measurement of amplitude, frequency and phase (Lissajous method).Principles of sampling
oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, and digital storage oscilloscope, Digital frequency counters, time & Period measurements.
UNIT-III
Signal generators–fixed and variable, AF oscillators, function generators, pulse, random noise, sweep, and arbitrary waveform generators, their standards, specifications and principles of working (Block diagram approach).Wave analyzers, Harmonic distortion analyzers, Spectrum analyzers, and Logic analyzers.
UNIT-IV
Review of DC Bridges: Wheatstone bridge, Wein Bridge, errors and precautions in using bridges, AC bridges: Measurement of inductance-Maxwell‘s bridge, Anderson Bridge.Measurement of capacitance- SchearingBridge.Kelvin Bridge, Q-meter, EMI and EMC, Interference and noise reduction techniques.
UNIT-V
Sensors and Transducers – Active and passive transducers: Measurement of displacement(Resistance, capacitance, inductance; LVDT) Force (strain gauges) Pressure (piezoelectric transducers) Temperature (resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and thermistors), Velocity, Acceleration, Vibration, pH measurement Signal Conditioning Circuits.