UNIT-I
Basic Structure of Computers : Functional Units -Basic Operational Concepts – Assembly
Language – Basic I/O Operations -Bus Structures – Instruction Cycle – Memory Reference
Instructions – Data Transfer, Data Manipulation and Program Control- Addressing Modes.

UNIT-II
Arithmetic Unit: Addition and Subtraction ofSigned Numbers – Multiplication AlgorithmsSigned Operand Multiplication and Fast Multiplication -Integer Division-Floating Point
Numbers and Operations-Decimal Arithmetic unit.

UNIT-III
Basic Processing Unit: Register Transfer Language – Register Transfer – Bus and Memory
Transfers -Arithmetic Micro operations-Logic Micro operations – Shift Micro operationsHardwired Control – Micro Programmed Control – Address Sequencing.

UNIT-IV

Memory System: Basic Concepts -Memory Hierarchy – Main Memory – Auxiliary Memory –
Cache Memories-Virtual Memory- Memory Management Requirements – Secondary Storage.

UNIT-V

I/O Organization: Parallel Processing – Pipelining – Multiprocessor – Interconnection
Structures – Inter Processor Arbitration – Inter Processor Communication and
Synchronization -Direct Memory Access (DMA)-Standard I/O Interfaces (PCI, SCSI and
USB).